Estimating historical inequality from social tables: Towards Methodological Consistency

Stellenbosch Working Paper Series No. WP01/2023
 
Publication date: March 2023
 
Author(s):
[protected email address] (Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University)
[protected email address] (Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University)
Erik Green
 
Abstract:

Research on long-term historical inequality has expanded to include previously neglected periods and societies, particularly in the global South. This is partly due to the resurgence of the social tables method in economic history, an approach which uses archival records to reconstruct income and wealth distributions in contexts where micro data is unavailable. This method can cause a downward bias in estimating inequality, but there is limited evidence of this bias in economic history. We collected a new data set of 108 historical social tables spanning over a 1000 years. We found that the compilers consistently made careful methodological choices that took data limitations into account. We found that the inequality estimates are not systematically related to the number of classes chosen or the size of the top class, but that choosing bottom classes that bundle together even small variations in income or wealth can introduce a downward bias to the inequality estimates. This drawback can be overcome by using methodological cohesion to mitigate the problem of limited information about the poorest classes in colonial archives.

 
JEL Classification:

N300, C130, C180

Keywords:

Social tables, Gini, inequality, pre-industrial, grouped data

Download: PDF (2.1 MB)

Login

(for staff & registered students)



Need a password?
Forgot your password?

BER Weekly

13 Jun 2025 Another global flashpoint ignites as Israel attacks Iran’s nuclear facilities
The story for the week was initially relatively positive, with the overarching narrative being that the US and China agreed on a trade truce. However, overnight, Israel struck Iran’s nuclear facilities, military sites and killed senior commanders in dozens of strikes. While Israel has attacked Iran before, this is the first time nuclear facilities were...

Read the full issue
 

BER Weekly

13 Jun 2025 Another global flashpoint ignites as Israel attacks Iran’s nuclear facilities
The story for the week was initially relatively positive, with the overarching narrative being that the US and China agreed on a trade truce. However, overnight, Israel struck Iran’s nuclear facilities, military sites and killed senior commanders in dozens of strikes. While Israel has attacked Iran before, this is the first time nuclear facilities were...

Read the full issue